Saturday, March 28, 2015

Assignment 4

1.    Discuss the eight principles of the ISO 9000 standard?
Ans) ISO 9000 standard is based on eight principles:
a)   Customer Focus: The most important base in any system is to satisfy the customers as the system runs on the customer as it’s the final and the most important segment in any organization. To know there needs and satisfy them is very vital.
b)   Leadership: As a leader they should set appropriate work to workers according to their ability and skills. Set a good atmosphere in the work place such that no conflicts occur.
c)     Involvement of People: Use the ideas of the employee’s involved properly which will help improvement of the organization.
d)   Process Approach: The processed goods are the things which are accomplished by the organization. This process should be managed properly with the amount of the resources used and the amount of output received.
e)   System Approach to Management: There are many multiple chains in a system of processing. They should be managed properly for the system to work effectively.
f)     Continual Improvement: As the interest of the customers keep changing so does the product should be improved according to their needs.
g)   Factual Approach to Decision Making: While making decisions the data which we consider should be a perfect and a reliable data.
h)   Mutually Beneficial Supplier relations: When both organization and supplier’s work together they have a mutual benefit in develo

ping.

2. Discuss Pareto Charts?
Ans) The Pareto is a very vital chart as this differentiates between important and trivial data. This chart was promoted initially by Dr. Joseph Juran, which was named after Italian economist and sociologist Vilfredo Pareto. This chat basically discusses about where our resources should be used for efficient output. Usage of resources in unrequired places can reduce the resources and in return we get no results. For example consider four customers A, B, C and all others in an organization. Both A and B have seventy five percent of the sales and C has fifteen percent together it is nighty percent. The remaining percent is where all other small customers come in, which customers are important it’s obviously A, B, C. By keeping this in mind we need to give priority to the customers where majority of them stand and use the resources accordingly as they are the core business market.

3.    Discuss fishbone diagrams?
Ans) A team uses a cause-and-effect diagram to find and isolate the problem. This was introduced by a Japanese expert Dr. Ishikawa, hence it is known as Ishikawa diagram and mostly known as fishbone diagram due to the shape the diagram has. The diagram also has some benefits according to Ishikawa such as:
 a) Creating the diagram is very instructive process.
  b) These diagrams reduce irrelevant discussions.
  c) Such diagram separate cause from symptoms.
  d) Such kind of diagrams can be used for any problems.

This diagram is the only tool that does not depend on statistics. The data of the problem can also be inserted in a table but it would be difficult for a human mind to find the errors hence these diagrams are simple and informative.

4. Discuss histograms?
Ans) Histograms are the type of charts which posses data of frequency of occurrence. To begin with histograms we need to basically know two types of processes: attributes and variables data. Attribute is something an output of the product may or may not posses. For example the wiring department had errors or it did not. And variable data is something that are resulted from measurement such as electric resistors may use ohms in one process and weighing scale in another one. While using histograms we should be aware of the potential traps. Histogram is nothing but frequency on one axis and measurement on another axis these are also called frequency distribution diagrams. The trap occurs when measurements are taken over long period of time.

5.Discuss control charts for variables?
Ans) In run charts and many other tools we don’t understand that the variation is due to special cause or random cause. Then Dr. Walter introduced control chart in 1920’s to distinguish between random and special cause. In a control chart if the data stays in between upper control limit (UCL) and lower control limit (LCL) then its common cause. If the data penetrates either UCL or LCL then its special cause. If the data is in between UCL and LCL that means data is in statistical control but if the data is penetrating UCL and LCL then the data is ‘out of control’.

6. Discuss flowcharts and give a simple example?
Ans) Flow charts are graphical representation of data, which simplifies data for human mind. Every individual has a different approach for flow charts but to compare with some one the defects of each other they should talk with each other and follow similar processes. By comparing different similar process flow charts flaws can be eliminated and can help in improving the data time to time. We have minimum knowledge about how the flowcharts as we have been using them since many years. The basic format used in flow chart is input, steps, functions and output process.

 For example there is a defect in a product
1)      We accept the product from the customers.
2)      Check whether there is a problem or not.
3)      Locate the problem in the device returned from the customer.
4)      Then replace the defective parts.
5)      Test whether the replaced part Is working properly.
6)      If it passes the test it moves on to the billing and returned to the customer if it doesn’t it again goes back to step 3.


7. Explain what is an FMEA?
Ans) Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is used to detect the fault in the system to prioritize them according to the threats they posses and they reduce the occurrence. FMEA is not a problem solver but it points at the defect and other tools must be used for the elimination of the defects. The consequences of potential failure are ranked by:

Seriousness/criticality to the customers
Probability of the fault’s occurrence
Probability of the fault detection of the systems responsible

As all the problems occurred don’t cause critical effect its essential to find out the most critical effect and resolve it.

8. Provide an overview of the Toyota practical problem solving process?
Ans) Whether you are trying to prevent your present faults or future faults you need to follow a methodology to solve the problem.
The figure below shows the flow chart of the Toyota practical problem solving process has seven main steps. Step 2 is divided into several sub categories.

Step 1: Perceive the initial problem
Step 2: Clarify the problem:
2a) Observe with open mind
2b) Compare the situation to the standard
2c) Variance exists?
2d) More than 1 variance?
2e) Prioritize
2f) Set an improvement objective
Step 3: Determine the POC
Step 4: Determine the root cause
Step 5: Develop an implement countermeasure
Step 6: Countermeasure effective?
Step 7: Change the standard


9. Explain a total quality decision making process?
Ans) Decision making process is a process in which decisions are made based on the sequential activities. There are many decision making models even though they differ a lot basics remain the same. The figure below is one of the models:
Identify or Anticipate the Situation: In this case we clearly identify the situation without jumping to the conclusion, by examining where and when the fault has occurred.
Gather the Facts: The managers should be very careful in gathering the facts as the decisions cannot be taken without knowing the situation. A perfect manager never neglects any situation instead examines every small fault caused in the system.
Consider Alternatives: When a problem has occurred the manager has to consider alternative method. But keeping one alternative in hand is not a good deal as it might not suit the situation, so they must have few alternatives to choose from.
Choose the Best Alternative, Implement, Monitor And Adjust: After few of the alternatives have been considered choosing the right one suitable for the situation is important and implement it. After implementing the alternatives they need to monitor it clearly as some problems may arise, if there is any problem then adjust it accordingly.

10. Explain why quality tools are important?
Ans) Tools are important as they play a vital role in completing task of the workers. As a carpenter needs a hammer for driving the nails, employees, software engineers and all the workers have quality tools but they may not be just be physical tools. For a carpenter also just physical tools are not enough good planning of the product that has to be carpentered is also required for the best results. There are seven total quality tools but there are three which play a major role such as:
Just-In-Time
Statistical Process Control
Quality Function Deployment

SOCIAL NETWORKING


This Robot Makes Doctor Visits Less Terrifying for Kids:
In this article we discuss about the robots used by the doctors to distract the kids from needles and other pain causing medication. As kids are always fascinated by looking at normal robots only, talking robots they’ll be astonished and concentrate on robots more than the needles. When I was kid even I took injections and I was like a nightmare looking at the needle itself. But it costs around $15000 dollars that’s a lot but it’s a talking robot, but the price will definitely reduce as time goes by we will get better ones with lesser price. Controlling kids is a big mess while giving vaccinations and other injections, but with MEDi around it becomes a little easier as they don’t concentrate so much on the needles. Its relief for the parents and the kids too, as the kids will be excited more than being scared while going to a hospital.

Temporary Tattoo Used for Monitoring Glucose Levels:

This article discusses about the temporary tattoos invented for monitoring glucose levels. This method is much better than pricking your finger every single time you need to check your glucose levels. This tattoo is very accessible as it is cheap and can be used by anyone. This tattoo consists of electrodes which send current into your body to give you results. When tested it was as accurate as the digital calculators. Any how this tattoo doesn’t show digital number readings, but scientists are working on that too .This was developed by students in University of California San Diego and let’s hope we get improved product in near future.

 Adding Intelligence to Rotary Encoders:


This article mainly discuss about the importance of adding intelligence to rotary encoders. By adding intelligence to the rotary encoders it gives us the information of the movement of the shafts, if they are working perfectly or not. Just working properly is not enough for it to work perfectly we should have accurate information so that we can know how efficiently it is working. These encoders are very smart as they can give pulse signals to both high level and low level controllers. CUI, Inc., has introduced its AMT line of capacitance rotary encoders and recently the company has also released AMT Viewpoint GUI software to unlock the intelligence of the encoders. This turned the fate of the company by earning final position in Golden Mousetrap Awards. This helps the developer to adjust the encoder according to the situation like the ability to quickly configure the encoder, zero position and pole count. For now this intelligence in this encoder is advanced soon they’ll develop a better product than this.

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