1.
Discuss
the eight principles of the ISO 9000 standard?
Ans) ISO 9000 standard is based on eight
principles:
a)
Customer
Focus: The most important base in any system is to satisfy the customers as the
system runs on the customer as it’s the final and the most important segment in
any organization. To know there needs and satisfy them is very vital.
b)
Leadership:
As a leader they should set appropriate work to workers according to their
ability and skills. Set a good atmosphere in the work place such that no conflicts
occur.
c)
Involvement of People: Use the ideas of the
employee’s involved properly which will help improvement of the organization.
d)
Process
Approach: The processed goods are the things which are accomplished by the
organization. This process should be managed properly with the amount of the
resources used and the amount of output received.
e)
System
Approach to Management: There are many multiple chains in a system of
processing. They should be managed properly for the system to work effectively.
f)
Continual
Improvement: As the interest of the customers keep changing so does the product
should be improved according to their needs.
g)
Factual
Approach to Decision Making: While making decisions the data which we consider
should be a perfect and a reliable data.
h)
Mutually
Beneficial Supplier relations: When both organization and supplier’s work
together they have a mutual benefit in develo
ping.
2. Discuss Pareto Charts?
Ans) The Pareto is a very vital chart as this
differentiates between important and trivial data. This chart was promoted
initially by Dr. Joseph Juran, which was named after Italian economist and
sociologist Vilfredo Pareto. This chat basically discusses about where our
resources should be used for efficient output. Usage of resources in unrequired
places can reduce the resources and in return we get no results. For example
consider four customers A, B, C and all others in an organization. Both A and B
have seventy five percent of the sales and C has fifteen percent together it is
nighty percent. The remaining percent is where all other small customers come
in, which customers are important it’s obviously A, B, C. By keeping this in
mind we need to give priority to the customers where majority of them stand and
use the resources accordingly as they are the core business market.
3.
Discuss
fishbone diagrams?
Ans) A team uses a cause-and-effect diagram
to find and isolate the problem. This was introduced by a Japanese expert Dr.
Ishikawa, hence it is known as Ishikawa diagram and mostly known as fishbone diagram
due to the shape the diagram has. The diagram also has some benefits according
to Ishikawa such as:
a)
Creating the diagram is very instructive process.
b)
These diagrams reduce irrelevant discussions.
c)
Such diagram separate cause from symptoms.
d)
Such kind of diagrams can be used for any problems.
This diagram is the only tool that does not depend on statistics. The data of the problem can also be inserted in a table
but it would be difficult for a human mind to find the errors hence these
diagrams are simple and informative.
4. Discuss histograms?
Ans) Histograms are the type of charts which
posses data of frequency of occurrence. To begin with histograms we need to
basically know two types of processes: attributes and variables data. Attribute
is something an output of the product may or may not posses. For example the
wiring department had errors or it did not. And variable data is something that
are resulted from measurement such as electric resistors may use ohms in one
process and weighing scale in another one. While using histograms we should be
aware of the potential traps. Histogram is nothing but frequency on one axis
and measurement on another axis these are also called frequency distribution
diagrams. The trap occurs when measurements are taken over long period of time.
5.Discuss control charts for variables?
Ans) In run charts and many other tools we
don’t understand that the variation is due to special cause or random cause.
Then Dr. Walter introduced control chart in 1920’s to distinguish between
random and special cause. In a control chart if the data stays in between upper
control limit (UCL) and lower control limit (LCL) then its common cause. If the
data penetrates either UCL or LCL then its special cause. If the data is in
between UCL and LCL that means data is in statistical control but if the data
is penetrating UCL and LCL then the data is ‘out of control’.
6. Discuss flowcharts and give a simple
example?
Ans) Flow charts are graphical representation
of data, which simplifies data for human mind. Every individual has a different
approach for flow charts but to compare with some one the defects of each other
they should talk with each other and follow similar processes. By comparing
different similar process flow charts flaws can be eliminated and can help in
improving the data time to time. We have minimum knowledge about how the
flowcharts as we have been using them since many years. The basic format used
in flow chart is input, steps, functions and output process.
For
example there is a defect in a product
1)
We
accept the product from the customers.
2)
Check
whether there is a problem or not.
3)
Locate
the problem in the device returned from the customer.
4)
Then
replace the defective parts.
5)
Test
whether the replaced part Is working properly.
6)
If
it passes the test it moves on to the billing and returned to the customer if
it doesn’t it again goes back to step 3.
7. Explain what is an FMEA?
Ans) Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
is used to detect the fault in the system to prioritize them according to the
threats they posses and they reduce the occurrence. FMEA is not a problem
solver but it points at the defect and other tools must be used for the
elimination of the defects. The consequences of potential failure are ranked
by:
Seriousness/criticality to the customers
Probability of the fault’s occurrence
Probability of the fault detection of the
systems responsible
As all the problems occurred don’t cause
critical effect its essential to find out the most critical effect and resolve
it.
8. Provide an overview of the Toyota
practical problem solving process?
Ans) Whether you are trying to prevent your
present faults or future faults you need to follow a methodology to solve the
problem.
The figure below shows the flow chart of the
Toyota practical problem solving process has seven main steps. Step 2 is
divided into several sub categories.
Step 1: Perceive the initial problem
Step 2: Clarify the problem:
2a) Observe with open
mind
2b) Compare the
situation to the standard
2c) Variance exists?
2d) More than 1
variance?
2e) Prioritize
2f) Set an
improvement objective
Step 3: Determine the POC
Step 4: Determine the root cause
Step 5: Develop an implement countermeasure
Step 6: Countermeasure effective?
Step 7: Change the standard
9. Explain a total
quality decision making process?
Ans) Decision making
process is a process in which decisions are made based on the sequential
activities. There are many decision making models even though they differ a lot
basics remain the same. The figure below is one of the models:
Identify or
Anticipate the Situation: In this case we clearly identify the situation without
jumping to the conclusion, by examining where and when the fault has occurred.
Gather the Facts: The managers should
be very careful in gathering the facts as the decisions cannot be taken without
knowing the situation. A perfect manager never neglects any situation instead
examines every small fault caused in the system.
Consider Alternatives: When a problem has
occurred the manager has to consider alternative method. But keeping one
alternative in hand is not a good deal as it might not suit the situation, so
they must have few alternatives to choose from.
Choose the Best
Alternative, Implement, Monitor And Adjust: After few of the alternatives have
been considered choosing the right one suitable for the situation is important
and implement it. After implementing the alternatives they need to monitor it
clearly as some problems may arise, if there is any problem then adjust it
accordingly.
10. Explain why
quality tools are important?
Ans) Tools are
important as they play a vital role in completing task of the workers. As a
carpenter needs a hammer for driving the nails, employees, software engineers
and all the workers have quality tools but they may not be just be physical
tools. For a carpenter also just physical tools are not enough good planning of
the product that has to be carpentered is also required for the best results. There
are seven total quality tools but there are three which play a major role such
as:
Just-In-Time
Statistical Process
Control
Quality Function Deployment
SOCIAL NETWORKING
This Robot Makes Doctor
Visits Less Terrifying for Kids:
In this article we discuss
about the robots used by the doctors to distract the kids from needles and
other pain causing medication. As kids are always fascinated by looking at
normal robots only, talking robots they’ll be astonished and concentrate on
robots more than the needles. When I was kid even I took injections and I was
like a nightmare looking at the needle itself. But it costs around $15000 dollars
that’s a lot but it’s a talking robot, but the price will definitely reduce as
time goes by we will get better ones with lesser price. Controlling kids is a
big mess while giving vaccinations and other injections, but with MEDi around it
becomes a little easier as they don’t concentrate so much on the needles. Its
relief for the parents and the kids too, as the kids will be excited more than being
scared while going to a hospital.
Temporary Tattoo Used for Monitoring Glucose
Levels:
This article discusses about the temporary
tattoos invented for monitoring glucose levels. This method is much better than
pricking your finger every single time you need to check your glucose levels.
This tattoo is very accessible as it is cheap and can be used by anyone. This tattoo
consists of electrodes which send current into your body to give you results.
When tested it was as accurate as the digital calculators. Any how this tattoo doesn’t
show digital number readings, but scientists are working on that too .This was
developed by students in University of California San Diego and let’s hope we
get improved product in near future.
Adding
Intelligence to Rotary Encoders:
This article mainly discuss about the
importance of adding intelligence to rotary encoders. By adding intelligence to
the rotary encoders it gives us the information of the movement of the shafts,
if they are working perfectly or not. Just working properly is not enough for
it to work perfectly we should have accurate information so that we can know
how efficiently it is working. These encoders are very smart as they can give
pulse signals to both high level and low level controllers. CUI, Inc., has
introduced its AMT line of capacitance rotary encoders and recently the company
has also released AMT Viewpoint GUI software to unlock the intelligence of the
encoders. This turned the fate of the company by earning final position in
Golden Mousetrap Awards. This helps the developer to adjust the encoder
according to the situation like the ability to quickly configure the encoder,
zero position and pole count. For now this intelligence in this encoder is
advanced soon they’ll develop a better product than this.
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