1.
What is Quality Function Deployment?
Ans) While designing or production
of a product we inculcate Quality Function Deployment method as this makes the
model more customer based for customer satisfaction. This method was first
invented in 1980’s but it was originated in the west but still had a spotty
history. There are few drawbacks but still few companies use the model of QFD
and still are working successfully. But in some cases QFD is a big failure, so
if using a QFD it should be tailored carefully by monitoring the problem
carefully and implementing it. A Japanese expert Dr. Yoji Akao developed 3 main
methods to follow in this model:
·
Voice of the customer (VOC) –To listen to what
the customer is expecting.
·
Identifying what satisfies VOC.
·
Production of the goods as to satisfy the VOC.
2.
Explain the WHAT’s in a QFD matix?
Ans) Gathering customer
needs input: To satisfy the customers the manufacturers must keep in mind
their main motto which is to satisfy the customers. To satisfy customer first
thing we need to know is what satisfies them, hence needs of the customers
should be gathered.
Refining the customer need inputs: After gathering
information about the needs of the customers it should be implemented in the
new product. But the needs should be prioritized accordingly, like which are
the most critical need and act accordingly.
Affinity diagram: This is used to find different and
better approaches in encouraging creative thinking. In any company the vital
element is continual improvement and that can be achieved by using this.
Using the tree diagram: Tree diagram is nothing but
refined version of affinity diagram. In this, needs of the customers is focused
till nuts and bolts of the product but this is not used for designing. This
diagram is used to list the items used for HOQ.
Customer importance:
By considering each customer needs the improvements should be made
appropriately. By rating the needs of the customers from 1 to 5 the most
critical improvements must be made.
3.
Explain the HOW’s in a QFD matrix?
Ans) Technical requirements room of the HOQ states HOW the
needs of the customers should be satisfied. This is also referred as voice of
the company. This doesn’t focus on the design of the system instead focuses on
the features and the characteristics. Specifications
of the product are measured some time in weights, speed etc., several times
just yes or no. They use affinity diagram or tree diagram to sort and rank the
requirements according to the customer needs.
4.
Explain 1 or 3 or 9 interrelation values in a
QFD matrix?
Ans) This matrix is used find the relation between WHAT’s
and HOW’s of a matrix. In a situation where HOW’s and WHAT’s intersect they are
categorized on their importance. They are measured from scale of 1-5 or from 1-9.
For example they might set the rating as follows:
9 (strongest relationship)
3 (medium relationship)
1 (weak relationship)
Just finding the interrelation is not enough, how strong is the
relation also matter. Few times symbols are also used instead of numbers for
rating. But number system is considered over symbols as it is more precise.
5.
Explain how you calculate the technical
priorities in the design target matrix?
Ans) To calculate the technical priorities, the team just
multiples interrelationship ratings from the interrelation matrices, times the
customer need’s overall weighing value in the planning matrix; and then sums
the columns. A total of four multiplications must be done and then summed. Then
% of total priority is calculated by using a mathematical expression:
% of total priority = Technical Requirement Priority / individual
technical priority values)* 100
The figure below shows a model of Target matrixes..
6.
Define statistical process control?
Ans) Statistical process control is used in all the industries
as it is common for all workplaces. Any work that is carried out in a work
place for the organization is called process. Any type of process can be affected
and there are Five M’s who operate the process, they are manpower, environment,
instructions or method followed, materials used and measurements taken. If all
the above processes are flawless then the system will be in statistical process
control.
7.
Explain control chart for variables, with a
simple mathematical example?
Ans) There are several control charts but according to the
need particular chart is selected. First we need to select a chart that is
suitable for this for developing our control chart.
For example:
A large hotel in a resort area has
a housekeeping staff that cleans and prepares all of the hotel's guestrooms
daily. In an effort to improve service
through reducing variation in the time required to clean and prepare a room, a
series of measurements is taken of the times to service rooms in one section of
the hotel. Cleaning times for five rooms
selected each day for 25 consecutive days appear below:
Day
|
Room 1
|
Room 2
|
Room 3
|
Room 4
|
Room 5
|
Average
|
Range
|
St. Dev
|
1
|
15.6
|
14.3
|
17.7
|
14.3
|
15.0
|
15.4
|
3.4
|
1.41
|
2
|
15.0
|
14.8
|
16.8
|
16.9
|
17.4
|
16.2
|
2.6
|
1.19
|
3
|
16.4
|
15.1
|
15.7
|
17.3
|
16.6
|
16.2
|
2.2
|
0.85
|
4
|
14.2
|
14.8
|
17.3
|
15.0
|
16.4
|
15.5
|
3.1
|
1.27
|
5
|
16.4
|
16.3
|
17.6
|
17.9
|
14.9
|
16.6
|
3.0
|
1.19
|
6
|
14.9
|
17.2
|
17.2
|
15.3
|
14.1
|
15.7
|
3.1
|
1.40
|
7
|
17.9
|
17.9
|
14.7
|
17.0
|
14.5
|
16.4
|
3.4
|
1.69
|
8
|
14.0
|
17.7
|
16.9
|
14.0
|
14.9
|
15.5
|
3.7
|
1.71
|
9
|
17.6
|
16.5
|
15.3
|
14.5
|
15.1
|
15.8
|
3.1
|
1.24
|
10
|
14.6
|
14.0
|
14.7
|
16.9
|
14.2
|
14.9
|
2.9
|
1.16
|
11
|
14.6
|
15.5
|
15.9
|
14.8
|
14.2
|
15.0
|
1.7
|
0.69
|
12
|
15.3
|
15.3
|
15.9
|
15.0
|
17.8
|
15.9
|
2.8
|
1.13
|
13
|
17.4
|
14.9
|
17.7
|
16.6
|
14.7
|
16.3
|
3.0
|
1.39
|
14
|
15.3
|
16.9
|
17.9
|
17.2
|
17.5
|
17.0
|
2.6
|
1.00
|
15
|
14.8
|
15.1
|
16.6
|
16.3
|
14.5
|
15.5
|
2.1
|
0.93
|
16
|
16.1
|
14.6
|
17.5
|
16.9
|
17.7
|
16.6
|
3.1
|
1.26
|
17
|
14.2
|
14.7
|
15.3
|
15.7
|
14.3
|
14.8
|
1.5
|
0.65
|
18
|
14.6
|
17.2
|
16.0
|
16.7
|
16.3
|
16.2
|
2.6
|
0.98
|
19
|
15.9
|
16.5
|
16.1
|
15.0
|
17.8
|
16.3
|
2.8
|
1.02
|
20
|
16.2
|
14.8
|
14.8
|
15.0
|
15.3
|
15.2
|
1.4
|
0.58
|
21
|
16.3
|
15.3
|
14.0
|
17.4
|
14.5
|
15.5
|
3.4
|
1.37
|
22
|
15.0
|
17.6
|
14.5
|
17.5
|
17.8
|
16.5
|
3.3
|
1.59
|
23
|
16.4
|
15.9
|
16.7
|
15.7
|
16.9
|
16.3
|
1.2
|
0.51
|
24
|
16.6
|
15.1
|
14.1
|
17.4
|
17.8
|
16.2
|
3.7
|
1.56
|
25
|
17.0
|
17.5
|
17.4
|
16.2
|
17.9
|
17.2
|
1.7
|
0.64
|
X
|
 |
 |
||||||
15.94
|
2.70
|
1.14
|
8.
Explain control chart for attributes, with a
simple mathematical example?
Ans) Attribute data
is used to count the data but not measure the data. As the X and R charts are
used for measuring variable data, in this p chats are used. The data plotted on
P chart is the number of defective pieces in n number of items, but it is
counted in fractions or percentage. And there is one more chart called c chart
for attributes but this is used for counting number of defects in a product.
The chart below shows the example of c charts:
.jpg)
9.
Explain how we can use control charts for
continual quality improvement?
Ans) The control charts are used for alerting us during
important causes during the process and helps in correcting it. To find if the
improved data is working or not the process should be carried out in control.
This is because we don’t know if the improved data is working out accordingly
or not as it has some special causes.
After the data is improved the parameters on the chart should also be
updated accordingly if not the original data will be displayed. If there is any
problem it should be rectified immediately otherwise the whole system will be
restarted.
10.
Explain the way control charts could be used for
quality improvements?
Ans) The way control diagrams could be utilized for quality
upgrades is that once they are amassed and the framework is in authentic
control, the diagraming does not stop. Cutting straight to the chase, at
accurately that point can the layout experience its name, control outline.
Having done the starting work of making cutoff points and centerlines, plotting
beginning information, and executing any extraordinary reasons that were
discovered, we have landed toward the beginning stage. Information must be
determinedly amassed from the method in the same way they were for the
beginning blueprint. The control outline is the factual gadget that empowers
SPC on the shop floor or the work place.
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